The analog pins can read the analog signals from them like temperature, proximity, humidity etc and converts them into digital values that can be read and processed by the microcontroller. The pins are best used in case of the analog sensors. The Arduino uno board has 6 analog input and output pins from A0 to A5. Note: The voltage must be 5v DC in case the arduino board is powered using external source. There is a Vin pin which can be used to power the arduino uno from an external source. There are several ground ports which can be used to give ground to your circuit and components. Most of the arduino components operate at 5v or 3.3v and so can be powered with these pins. You can connect your own reset button at the pin labeled as Reset.There are two ways to restart the whole program. There is a reset button given which is used to restart the program running in the Arduino uno. The number indicates the frequency of the crystal, in most of them the frequency is 16 MHZ or 16,000,000 hertz. There is a number printed on the top of the crystal. The crystal oscillator is the only way the arduino is able to calculate the time. There are certain case when the processor has to deal with time-signal issues, in order to balance it the crystal oscillator is used. The 7805 voltage regulator ic is used regulate the voltage supplied to the arduino board and manage it through processor and other elements.
The circuitry operates at 5v dc which in case input more than that is regulated with the help of 7805 voltage regulator. The Arduino Uno can be powered by USB cable or directly supplying 9-12v from the barrel jack.
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